HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay Example

HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay Example HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay Final -rest Review 2013 Fall 1 . All of the following factors promoted the growth of suburbs a. Low cost government loans. b. Expanded road and highway construction. c. Increased automobile production. d. The baby boom. 2. The mood of the Beat Generation is best reflected in which Jack Kerouacs On the Road. 3. The decade of the 1950s was characterized by women doing what? 4. All of the following were reasons why a consumer culture appeared in the 1950s a. The creation of credit cards and easy payment plans. b. An increased ability of advertisers to create demand for new products. c. The ppearance of new and varied products. d. Keeping up with the Jones. 5. The Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik in 1957 immediately led to The creation of NASA 6. In his farewell address in January 1961, President Eisenhower warned the American people against . Military industrial complex and deficit spending 7. The largest public works project during Eisenhowers presidency was . Eisenhower Highway System 8. Containment is to Truman as is to Eisenhower. Brinkmanship 9. Which Supreme Court decision ruled that a state law school have to admit qualified African American applicants even if parallel black aw schools existed? Sweat vs. Painter 10. Which Supreme Court decision ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional? Brown vs. Board of Education 1 1 . Where was the March for Freedom in which state troopers and deputized citizens brutally attacked marchers in full view of television that helped lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Selma, Alabama 12. In response to the arrest of Rosa Parks, African Americans did what? Boycotted riding the bus 13. Where was the location of a Woolworths lunch counter that sparked the sit-in movement for civil rights? Greensboro, NC/ A University 14. At first President Kennedy acted slowly on civil rights because? JFK didnt want to lose support from Southern Democrats 15. What was the Southern Manifest? a resolution signed by Congress condemning Brown vs. BOE ruling 16. In Little Rock, Arkansas, Governor Orval Faubus tried to prevent African American students from entering a white high school by deploying whom? Arkansas Natl Guard 17. The Kerner Commission blamed the majority of the inner-city problems on what? 18. Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal 19. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , believed the way to end segregation was through Peaceful Protest 20. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did little to guarantee what? Social equality/ integration 21. Until 1965, the civil rights movement focused on what? Integration of school and public places 22. After his pilgrimage to Makkah, Malcolm X concluded what? That segregation is not good for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party? Fannie Lou Hamer 24. As a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation was outlawed where? Nationally 25. Why is the Till case considered the birth of the Civil Rights movement? Because it motivated the young people to get involved 26. The Alliance for Progress, proposed by President Kennedy in 1961, can be most accurately called an added dimension of what FDR plan? Good Neighbor Policy 27. President Kennedys main goal in the United States 1962 decision to blockade Cuba was to what? : To get Soviets to surrender and/or move their nuclear weapons 28. What was JFKs policy calling for more conventional weapons to be used against Soviet aggression since nuclear weapons were to be used as a last response? Flexible Response 29. What became the symbol of the separation of the Free World from the Iron Curtain? Berlin Wall 30. The primary reason for the crushing Republican party defeat in 1964 was what? 1st televised debate, Nixon looked nervous (sweating) in comparison toa polished Kennedy 31 . Both the New Frontier and the Great Society shared the idea of what? 32. Supporters of the Warren Courts decisions in the 1960s believed that persons accused of crimes were entitled to what? 33. Johnsons Great Society, for all practical purposes, was put to end in 1968 because of what? His decision to not run for presidency and not accept DNC nomination 34. Which of the following events are in the correct order? McCarthy announces his candidacy, Tet Offensive, Johnson pulls out of race b. McCarthy announces his candidacy, RFK assassinated, Tet Offensive c. RFK assassinated, MLK assassinated, The Chicago Convention d. MLK assassinated, RFK assassinated, , McCarthy announces his candidacy e. None of the above 35. Who said the following: For it seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate? Walter Kronkite 36. Which president first got the U. S. involved in Vietnam? JFK 37. Whose political campaign was dubbed the Childrens Crusade? Eugene McCarthy 38. Escalation is to Johnson as is to Richard Nixon. 39. What effect did the Pentagon Papers have on the American public? 40. Which of the following is not a legacy of the Vietnam War? 41 . Nixons domestic policy included all of the following: a. More power to the state governments b. Increased police power to fight crime c. Reduced federal spending d. Appointing conservative Judges to federal courts 42. What was the Job of Nixons Plumbers? to take care or do away with anyone that was speaking out of turn against the Nixon Administration 43. President Nixons olicy of giving the states greater responsibility for controlling welfare and other government programs is called New Federalism 44. This term described the American economy in the mid 70s when business was not growing and inflation was rising out of control. Stagflation 45. What was the SALT I Agreement? Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, in theory well destroy some of our missiles you destroy some of yours 46. What did the American action during the Yom Kippur War of 1973 resulted in? 47. All of the following occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon: a. The Watergate break-in and consequent hearings b. The resignation of the vice-president. visit d. The use of shuttle diplomacy to end Arab-Israeli conflicts 48. Gerald Fords main liability in the 1976 presidential election was . Nixon pardon? Watergate Scandal 49. What contributed to the Ayatollah Khomeinis hatred of the U. S.? 50. Which of the following is considered Carters most significant foreign policy accomplishment? Camp David Accord? (Israel and Egypt Peace Treaty); foreign policy/ human rights 51 . What led to Jimmy Carters success in the election of 1976? 52. What led to the U. S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow? 53. The most important element of the religious revival of the 1970s and 1980s was what? 54. The moral Majority attacked all the following a. Abortion rights b. Homosexuality c. Womens rights d. Secular humanist 55. What were economic goals of Reagan in the beginning of his presidency? 56. Which country did Reagan describe as the evil empire? The Soviet Union 57. President Reagan responded to the 1983 terrorist bombing of an American Marine barracks in Beirut by doing what? Retreating, U. S. troops pulled out of Beirut 58. The ne event that signaled the end of the Cold War more than any other was 59. What was President Reagans assessment of Gorbachev when they meet? He doesnt like him, and leaves the meeting 60. Some of the money from the American arms deal with Iran during the Reagan presidency was secretly funneled to . 61 . George Bushs 1988 presidential victory was the result of what? Promising no new taxes? 62. The Gulf War of 1991 had its origins in an Iraqi decision to annex Kuwait 63. In 1993, President Clinton secured from Congress all the following a. A significant reduction in government spending b. A free-trade agreement . A large tax increase on the wealthy 64. The budget impasse and shutting down the government in late 1995 and early 1996 saw the public largely blame whom? 65. The Muslim fundamentalist group that controlled Afghanistan was . Taliban? 66. The mastermind of the 9/11 plot was . Osama Bin Laden 67. Terrorist carried out their attacks on September 11, 2001, by . A1 Qaeda 68. What were the Americans searching for in Iraq that led to the invasion? 69. The 2000 election final was held up by which states votes? Florida 70. Who campaigned in the 2008 election promising hope and change? Barack Obama

3 opciones para migrantes en casos de deportación

3 opciones para migrantes en casos de deportacià ³n Cuando un migrante recibe un Notice to Appear en Corte migratoria para el inicio de un caso de deportacià ³n o un Immigration Hold, cuando ya est en custodia, debe informarse de cules son sus opciones. La deportacià ³n, que puede afectar a cualquier persona extranjera en los Estados Unidos, incluidos los Residentes Permanentes Legales, puede lucharse, para lo cual lo ms recomendable es contar con un abogado migratorio. Tambià ©n puede aceptarse, lo cual tiene como consecuencia que el migrante sale de Estados Unidos o puede ignorarse, convirtiendo al migrante en un prà ³fugo. En este artà ­culo se informa de las opciones para luchar la deportacià ³n y de las opciones y consecuencias de la misma. Finalmente, se explica por quà © es muy mala idea ignorar un procedimiento abierto o una orden de deportacià ³n. 10 opciones que tienen los migrantes para evitar una deportacià ³n En realidad son varias las posibles opciones. Sin embargo es muy importante entender que hay que cumplir los requisitos para poder beneficiarse. Y como la ley migratoria puede ser complicada realmente este es el momento para contar con un abogado, de pago o pro bono. Entre las opciones destacan las siguientes: 1. Cancelacià ³n de deportacià ³n En cuanto a los requisitos, hay una diferencia importante segà ºn se trate de un residente permanente legal o el migrante est en otra categorà ­a. Personas que no son titulares de una green card. Tambià ©n conocida como seccià ³n 42B Para poder solicitar que se cancele su deportacià ³n debern cumplir los siguientes requisitos: Vivir en EEUU de forma continua por al menos 10 aà ±os que se puede probar con pago de impuestos, contratos de renta, facturas mà ©dicas, etc.Poder demostrar buena conducta moral en los à ºltimos 10 aà ±os.Estar casado con un ciudadano estadounidense o con un residente permanente legal o tener hijos o padres que lo son. Y que la expulsià ³n de la persona sobre la que pende la deportacià ³n pueda causar a sus familiares estadounidenses o residentes permanentes penuria extrema.Este punto es fundamental, ya que no vale simplemente con tener una familia americana o residente permanente. Debe necesariamente probarse que la deportacià ³n causarà ­a un gran perjuicio a la parte legal de la familia, como por ejemplo en los casos en los que haya una enfermedad grave en la familia.No ser un riesgo para la seguridad nacional de EEUU.No haber cometido y haber sido sentenciado por causa criminal.No haber celebrado un matrimonio de conveniencia por papeles.Haber entrado a EEUU a travà ©s de una aduana terrestre, puerto o aeropuerto donde un oficial de inmigracià ³n tomà ³ registro de la entrada. Es decir, aquellas personas que ingresaron a EEUU simplemente cruzando la frontera por un lugar no vigilado no pueden solicitar la cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n. No haber falsificado documentos para lograr la entrada en EEUU. Residente permanente legal tambià ©n conocido como seccià ³n 42A Debe haber vivido continuamente en EEUU despuà ©s de haber sido legalmente admitido por un mà ­nimo de 7 aà ±os hasta la fecha en que recibià ³ el Notice to appear o cometià ³ la ofensa que da lugar al immigration hold.Debe ser titular de una green card por al menos 5 aà ±os a contar hasta la fecha en la que se pide la cancelacià ³n.El delito que ha cometido no puede ser un delito agravado (aggravated felony, en inglà ©s).No puede ser un riesgo ni para la seguridad pà ºblica ni para la seguridad nacional de EEUU   2. CAT Son las siglas en inglà ©s de Convencià ³n en Contra de la Tortura. Para beneficiarse de CAT el migrante debe probar que tiene un riesgo superior al 50 por ciento de ser torturado por su gobierno o con el consentimiento del mismo si regresa a su paà ­s. Este estndar es muy difà ­cil de probar. 3. Suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como withholding of removal. Se parece al asilo porque se da por las mismas causas, pero es inferior en el tipo de proteccià ³n que otorga. Asà ­, en los caos de suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n ya hay una orden para ser deportado y una vez que se consigue la suspensià ³n se puede estar en Estados Unidos legalmente pero no hay un camino hacia la green card ni tampoco posibilidad de traer a Estados Unidos a la familia inmediata. Adems, es necesario pagar anualmente una cuota para renovar el permiso de trabajo y no se puede viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos. Si se hace, se considerar que el migrante se ha autodeportado y ser prcticamente imposible regresar a USA. 4. Asilo Se puede evitar la deportacià ³n pidiendo asilo siempre y cuando el extranjero tenga un miedo real y fundamentado de que ser perseguido si regresa a su paà ­s por sus opiniones polà ­ticas, creencias religiosas o por pertenecer a un determinado grupo à ©tnico o social. 4. Stay of removal Esta medida aplica a migrantes indocumentados que tienen una orden de deportacià ³n con fecha fija antes de la cual deben abandonar Estados Unidos. En algunos casos se puede solicitar que no se cumpla la orden de deportacià ³n en esa fecha y se asegura que sà ­ se saldr del paà ­s, pero posteriormente. El Stay of removal se solicita en la oficina local del ERO, pagando una cuota que en la actualidad es de $155 y presentando documentacià ³n que justifique la razà ³n de la peticià ³n. Si es concedida generalmente se coloca al migrante bajo una orden de supervisià ³n y tendr que pagar una fianza (bond) de al menos $1,500 pero que puede ser superior. En cuanto a la posibilidad de trabajar legalmente, en algunos casos se concede un permiso de trabajo. 5. Ajuste de estatus La persona sobre la que pende una orden de deportacià ³n puede pedirle al juez que la suspenda mediante un ajuste de estatus. Ejemplos de casos: El cà ³nyuge y los hijos y padres de ciudadanos estadounidenses siempre y cuando se cumplan los requisitos para que el ciudadano pueda solicitar por và ­nculo familiar una tarjeta verde para el extranjero.Por certificacià ³n laboral y una persona resulta elegible para obtener una green card por razà ³n laboral.Cuando la persona sobre la que pende la deportacià ³n tiene una aplicacià ³n anterior para cambio de ajuste migratorio. 6. Và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica Por aplicacià ³n de VAWA, los cà ³nyuges  residentes permanentes o ciudadanos estadounidenses y sus hijos podrn quedarse si han estado fà ­sicamente en EEUU por al menos tres aà ±os y han sido abusados por sus cà ³nyuges. Podrn conseguir la green card aunque se divorcien del esposo abusivo. 7. Và ­ctimas de violencia que colaboran con la policà ­a o fiscalà ­a La visa U permite a las và ­ctima de determinados delitos permanecer en Estados Unidos y obtener un estatus legal. Son necesarios que se cumplan varios requisitos, entre ellos, la colaboracià ³n con las fuerzas del orden para esclarecer el delito. 8. Motion to Supress Esta herramienta es muy rara en corte migratoria pero sà ­ que es posible. Un abogado puede utilizarla para defender a su cliente cuando el ICE ha violado los derechos constitucionales del migrante.   9. Acusacià ³n discrecional Esto es lo que se   conoce en inglà ©s como prosecutorial discretion. Es muy raro en casos migratorios de deportacià ³n pero sà ­ que es cierto que todos los aà ±os se producen   casos. Bsicamente significa que no se ejecuta una orden de deportacià ³n. 10. Perdones Dependiendo del caso de cada migrante, existen perdones que se pueden solicitar bajo el amparo de la ley de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a, conocida como INA, en sus apartados 212 letra c y letra h. Opciones cuando no hay lucha contra la deportacià ³n En algunos casos es posible llegar a un acuerdo para una salida voluntaria, la cual tiene ventajas sobre una deportacià ³n a cargo del gobierno.   En los casos de deportacià ³n es importante destacar que todas llevan una penalidad y que en algunos casos es posible aplicar por un perdà ³n, pero que cada migrante debe entender los requisitos que aplican segà ºn su caso. Tambià ©n destacar que, dependiendo del caso de cada uno, ser posible regresar aà ºn sin perdà ³n, dejando pasar un periodo de tiempo, que depende del caso de cada uno. Asimismo, recordar que en algunos casos es imposible regresar legalmente a Estados Unidos. No hay cosas como hacer desaparecer el rà ©cord migratorio pasado, eso es sà ³lo cuento de personas sin escrà ºpulos que desean aprovecharse de la desesperacià ³n de los migrantes. Por à ºltimo destacar que si un migrante deportado ingresa ilegalmente a Estados Unidos est cometiendo un delito, con todas las consecuencias que ello conlleva. La opcià ³n de desaparecerse o no hacer caso a una orden de deportacià ³n Algunos migrantes no se presentan a las citas en corte migratoria. En estos casos el resultado es una orden de deportacià ³n dictada en ausencia. En otros, no se cumplen con la orden de salir de los Estados Unidos. En uno y otro caso el migrante ser deportado inmediatamente si las autoridades migratorias lo agarran de alguna forma, que puede ser en un raid o simplemente en una parada de trfico cuando se va en un auto en el que ni siquiera se es el conductor. En estos casos no hay opciones. Simplemente se procede a la deportacià ³n. Abogados para casos de deportacià ³n Precisamente porque la deportacià ³n es un asunto muy serio con graves consecuencias se recomienda encarecidamente presentarse en corte con un abogado migratorio competente. Se puede buscar en AILA, que es la asociacià ³n de abogados de inmigracià ³n, o pedir consejo para referencias a organizaciones competentes de asistencia a migrantes que incluso en algunos casos pueden referir a abogados pro bono, es decir, que no cobran por sus servicios. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Leadership - Essay Example Thirdly, the leader should provide the knowledge and methods needed to realize the vision and influence others to buy into the idea. As passion is contagious, the leader must communicate in a passionate and clear way. Consequently, the leader should coordinate and balance the conflicting interests in stakeholders and be able to think and act creatively in difficult situations. There are traits that a leader should posses. Integrity, honest deals, controlled emotions with a predictable reaction to issues and an absence of harsh outbursts. Dedication is spending more time and energy to realize the vision by inspiring other members by example. Magnanimity is to give credit where it is due and be responsible for failures and humbleness to elevate everyone (Daft & Lane, 2011). A leader should have an open mind to listen to new ideas and suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, check the facts before passing judgment to gain trust and respect. Leaders are to be creative to think d ifferently and lead to new directions. Humor fosters good camaraderie. Humor is vital for a leader to relieve boredom, tensions and defuses hostility. This paper examines my leadership in terms of the participative theory and presents the plan of action to improve my motivation and leadership skills. Leadership theories, styles, and their influence on motivation The skills theory states that knowledge and abilities acquired by learning are significant factors for effective leadership. The argument in this theory is that skills and qualities learned, developed and acquired are keys to leadership performance. Skills are what leaders can accomplish, whereas traits are who leaders are (Northouse, 2009). Technical skills are knowledge, competency and proficiency in a specific work. For instance use of computer application software as MS office. Human skills assist us get along and communicate with people. Conceptual skills help leaders better decide and comprehend the actions and measure s for ideas and concepts. To some extent, the theory disavows a connection between the inherited characteristics and capacity to be an effective leader. However, it brings confusion when someone holds the skills and qualities but do not become a leader. This is one of the difficulties in using skills theory to explain leadership (Northouse, 2009). The situational theory, suggests that one needs to adjust and adapt to the circumstances in different situations to be an effective leader. The choice of action is based on situational variables. Factors to determine how to adapt are the competence and commitment of the stakeholders. Either aggressive decisions are made or there is room for negotiations (Ortimiere & Meese, 2010). In this theory, the leader may involve all members when making a critical decision and be task relevant. To determine the duties to assign, the leader should know the maturity level of followers in relation to a specific task. Therefore, situational leadership inf luences activities of individuals towards goal achievement in a given situation. According to the contingency theory, success depends on the leadership style, the qualities and traits of the followers and the aspect in which the situation is. It advocates for a positive approach towards unforeseen incidents. There should be a match between the leadership style and the unique situation or setting. It is different from the situational theory since, in situational the focus is on adapting to situations while in contingency effective leadership depends on the degree of fitness between a leaders qualities, style and that of a situation (Daft & Lane, 2011). The elements to be looked

The Medieval World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medieval World - Essay Example In the first image, the house of the Aristocrats is a well decorated house made of bricks; the house of the Aristocrats looks like a castle. This fact shows that the Aristocrats in the medieval Europe were rich and were able to afford houses made of bricks. This means that the life of the Aristocrats in medieval Europe was a life of comfort because the brick houses were able to protect the medieval Europeans from the adverse cold weather of Europe, especially during the winter. On the contrary, a look at the peasant’s houses in the second image shows simple houses made of timber. In the peasants’ image, the house in which three women are sitting is clearly a simple house made of timber. This fact shows that, unless the aristocrats who were able to afford building expensive brick houses, the peasants were not able to afford such houses. This fact shows that the life of the peasants in medieval Europe was a life of poverty and difficult life. Given the cold weather of Europe, especially, in winter, it must have been very difficult for the peasants to survive in such extremely cold seasons. From the first image, we see that the Aristocrats are elaborately dressed with long flowing clothes. All the Aristocrats also have their heads covered with sumptuous headgears. The headgears were most probably meant to keep off the sun in summer. All the Aristocrats are dressed with long clothes with ornately decorated cloaks; the cloaks seem to be made of either silver or silk because they are shiny. This fact again shows that the Aristocrats in medieval Europe lived a life of affluence. The fact that the Aristocrats were able to afford expensive clothing means that they were stinking rich. This fact, again, means that the Aristocrats in medieval Europe loved fine things in life. An analysis of the clothing of the peasants, on the other, hand shows that the peasants dressed in simple clothes. In the peasants’ image, we find that the women peasants are

Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing

Social Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare presents us with a romp through the realms of truth and illusion. The play is full of characters plotting and deceiving, for both noble and repugnant reasons. It is a study in the importance and necessity of illusion in our everyday lives, and shows how deeply ingrained deception is in our social behaviors. Everybody is involved in some kind of illusion, from the masked celebration to the unveiling of Hero's "cousin." Two of the major conspiracies in the play are the Claudio/Hero plotline and the Benedick/Beatrice story. Both of these situations contrast the multiplicitous nature of illusion. Claudio and Hero do not operate in the realm of illusion. Their intentions and emotions are easily visible, so much so that they come off as transparent. Their utter lack of ability to engage in social illusion makes them unbelievable: Claudi... ...e's dead, that things are finally resolved. By showing the deep tangles of illusion that exist in normal social relationships, Shakespeare reminds us of our dependence upon fabrication. He shows us that we both desire to be and have a deep need to deceive ourselves and others. It's why we watch plays and read literature. But Shakespeare also shows us the precarious balance of illusion in our lives and the ease with which we can lose our grip on reality and fiction. Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing Social Illusions in Much Ado About Nothing In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare presents us with a romp through the realms of truth and illusion. The play is full of characters plotting and deceiving, for both noble and repugnant reasons. It is a study in the importance and necessity of illusion in our everyday lives, and shows how deeply ingrained deception is in our social behaviors. Everybody is involved in some kind of illusion, from the masked celebration to the unveiling of Hero's "cousin." Two of the major conspiracies in the play are the Claudio/Hero plotline and the Benedick/Beatrice story. Both of these situations contrast the multiplicitous nature of illusion. Claudio and Hero do not operate in the realm of illusion. Their intentions and emotions are easily visible, so much so that they come off as transparent. Their utter lack of ability to engage in social illusion makes them unbelievable: Claudi... ...e's dead, that things are finally resolved. By showing the deep tangles of illusion that exist in normal social relationships, Shakespeare reminds us of our dependence upon fabrication. He shows us that we both desire to be and have a deep need to deceive ourselves and others. It's why we watch plays and read literature. But Shakespeare also shows us the precarious balance of illusion in our lives and the ease with which we can lose our grip on reality and fiction.

Economical Analysis Essay

In this section, an economical analysis will be carried out to compare the generation cost of electricity from two different sources. The generation cost of electricity ($/kWh) from PV system as well as gas turbine will be considered. The computation for cost of electricity – irrespective of the source – depends on several factors such as the cost of capital, the productivity and the life of the plant as well as the fuel and operation and maintenance costs. Renewable sources have distinct characteristic of eliminating fuel cost and, as a consequence once the plant is setup, the energy costs are largely fixed and inflation has a slight affect. However, productivity is highly dependent on the site or location; hence the cost of energy cannot be uniquely defined. Generation of electricity by burning fossil fuels incurs elements of costs, which conventionally are not directly attributed to these processes. These costs are termed â€Å"External â€Å" costs. They originate, for example, in subsidies such as additionally provided infrastructure and Research and Development and environmental pollution. In contrast, renewable energy technologies incur marginal external costs. Generation costs may simply be evaluated as follows: G = C R + f + m E where G is the unit cost of energy ($/kWh) C is the initial capital cost ($) R is the annual charge rate (%) E is the annual energy yield (kWh/kW) f is the fuel cost per unit ($/kWh) m is the operation and maintenance cost per unit ($/kWh) The capital recovery factor varies according to the period over which the capital is to be recovered, n years, and the test discount rate, r, thus R = r / (1-(1+r) –n) The cost of electricity from a particular source of supply is therefore dependent upon the particular combination of value of these variables. Table (2) estimates the cost of kWh production from PV systems and Gas Turbine unit. To calculate the generation cost of the Gas Turbine, we assumed 25 years of unit’s lifetime, 8% discount rate, and the unit will operate at its rated power for 8 hours for 9 months a year (2,160 hrs). On the other hand, the generation cost of the PV cells was estimated using PV arrays with panels facing south (Tilt angle 25o), the yearly estimated generated energy was about 1964 kWh/m2/yr and the panel cost of $5/Wp. The calculations indicated that under the assumed rates of interest and capital cost the unit generation cost using PV cells is more than three folds the generation cost of the Gas Turbine. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying installation capital cost, and discount rate, Table (1). The results indicate that PV generation can be competitive to that from Gas Turbine when the capital cost drops to $2/Wp and at 8% interest level. The capital cost of PV generation is 30% higher than that of a gas turbine system for the specified parameters. This is contributed to the high installation cost of the PV system and the low conversion efficiency. Further sensitivity analysis of some parameters, namely, conversion efficiency and installation cost were carried out. The results are illustrated in table (2). The results suggested that a reduction of installation cost to 4 $/Wp the generation cost can be competitive to that of a gas turbine. Concluding that: 1. The mathematical modeling indicate that the optimum tilt angle for a plane facing south is 25oC in the State of Qatar, and the year average total daily radiation was a bout 5. 295 kWh/m2. day for 25oC compared to 5. 062 kWh/m2. day for a horizontal surface. 2. Using a photovoltaic system can be more expensive than buying power from the local utility, through the electrical outlet in your wall. However, it is dramatically less expensive than running a power line to a remote area that is currently with out service. 3. Finance rate and loan term are critical economic elements because photovoltaic is capital intensive. The formation of solar bank that makes capital readily available for solar energy systems and below market interest rates with more than 20 years terms should be pursued. 4. The basic economical evaluation of electricity generation in the State of Qatar suggests that photovoltaic technology is not far from being economically feasible. The advanced technology and wide market demand of photovoltaic systems result in improved conversion efficiency and lower unit cost. However, it should be emphasized that photovoltaic systems are clean source of energy and their positive impact on the environment should be taken into consideration. PV systems produce power intermittently because they work only when the sun is shining. More electricity is produced on a clear, sunny day with more intense sunlight and with a more direct light angle, as when the sun is perpendicular to the surface of the PV modules. Cloudy days can significantly reduce output, and of course no power is produced at night. PV systems work best during summer months when the sun is higher in the sky and the days are longer. Because of these variations, it is difficult for PV systems to furnish all the power you need, and are typically used in conjunction with utility-supplied electricity Renewable Resources In 1987, a United Nations commission chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Norwegian Prime Minister, was formed to determine how to reconcile economic development with environmental protection. The term ‘sustainable development’ was first used in the commissions’ report, Our Common Future. The report recognized that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development because they provide us with constant sources of energy with fewer effects on the environment. It also identified that globally, there was the need for more efficient use of energy and that the industrialized world, especially, had to improve its conservation efforts to lessen the impact of economic development on the environment. Renewable energy sources have been used for centuries. Until the mid-1800s, most of our energy came from two biomass sources, wood and peat. The location of many large plants and mills during the industrial era in Europe and North America was determined by the availability of fast flowing streams to generate power. It was not until the latter stages of the Industrial Revolution, the mid-1850s, and following the widespread incorporation of the steam-engine into factories, that fossil fuel use, mainly coal and oil, became commonplace. By incorporating fossil fuels into the manufacturing process instead of using water, industrialists were not limited to locations by rivers or streams. Plants could be located closer to sources of raw materials, markets or major shipping ports Renewable energy sources has been constantly being sought upon to replace dwindling fossil fuel reserves. The main question is where to look for these renewable energy sources. Some of them, like biomass, have already begun to contribute significantly to power generation in several developed nations like the US. Photvoltaic cells are economically viable in some locations and wind energy, though so far contributing only a tiny fraction, is rapidly expanding in the US and several European nations. The search for renewable energy sources points to photovoltaics, wind, solar thermal electricity, and biomass-produced electricity. These are highly prized due to the ease at which electricity can be transported and converted into othe forms, with the none or low polluting energy that these bestow and because of the potential that these sources may contribute in the near future. The earth’s atmosphere acts like glass in a greenhouse: sunlight can pass through, but the resulting heat cannot escape. Gases, such as carbon dioxide, are particularly effective at trapping heat. When burned, coal, oil and natural gas increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the earth’s average temperature is raised. Renewable energy initiatives will result in reduced demand for fossil-fuelled electricity generation, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions These renewable sources once proven to be technically practical and economically feasible to provide required quantities of power, then there is no doubt that they would be greatly preferrable replace existing energy generation methods. An energy source can be classified as renewable provided the passed the following criterias: 1. there should be and indefinite supply or at least can be harnessed for an extreme length of time. 2. there would be a great reduction in the world pollution. Or at least the pollution released by the manufacturing and generation of power using these resources would not add up to current contributors to pollution. 3. and lastly, the must be able to provide energy self-sufficiency or at the very least provide a great reduction in the energy dependency.

The Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God

Introduction Atheists often insist there is no evidence for the existence of God while maintaining religious faith is fundamentally irrational. This paper will examine the KalÄ m Cosmological Argument (KCA), demonstrating that it offers strong evidence for the existence of God, thereby providing a rational foundation for the Christian faith. Background The cosmological argument is, â€Å"a family of arguments that seek to demonstrate the existence of a Sufficient Reason or First Cause of the existence of the cosmos.† Historians trace an early version of the cosmological argument to Ibn SÄ «nÄ  (c. 980–1037), and philosophers commonly differentiate argument variations into three basic categories. The first, the KCA, seeks to establish the First†¦show more content†¦Common experience and empirical evidence continually verify the causal principle, and falsification has not occurred. These considerations lead Dr. Craig to conclude, â€Å"It is somewhat unwise to argue in favor of it [the first premise], for any proof of the principle is likely to be less obvious than the principle itself, and, as Aristotle remarked, one ought not to try to prove the obvious via the less obvious.† Although it appears irrational to deny the first premise, some scholars have challenged the causal principle on philosophi cal grounds. Deriving arguments from David Hume, philosophers (such as J.L. Mackie) have sought to refute the first premise by contending there is no reason to believe the causal principle is a priori true. Contrary to their assertion, the principle of causation appears to be a synthetic a priori proposition, as it is a universal and necessary feature of both cognition and reality, providing the precondition of thought itself. Nonetheless, challenging the causal principle because it is not a priori true does nothing to invalidate the premise since the assertion does not indicate the premise is false, nor does it compel us to think the antithesis is plausible—that something can truly originate from uncaused. Undeterred, such opponents further maintain that an infinite chain of contingent events could provide a sufficient explanation for the existence of the universe, even if it were void aShow MoreRelatedThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words    |  7 Pagesconcerning the existence of God. If God exists, we probably have to make him accountable. The universe would probably have a meaning and a purpose. Also, our very existence may not be cease after physical death. But if God does not exist, we are probably here by chance and we have no accountability to any transcendent. This life is probably all we have, so we should live as we please. The question arises - Does God exist? At first glance, it seems contradictory to prove the existence of somethingRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe cosmological argument for the existence of god According to St. John 8:31-32 said, â€Å"If you remain in my word, you will truly be my disciples, and you will know the truth and the truth shall set you free†. This sentence is come from the bible, but I am not a christian, so I do not really understand what this means. I guess it was talking about if people believe in god, and trust his words, and in the end the will get the freedom. For many of christians, they believes in god, but many ofRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1444 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain the existence of God; the Cosmological Argument is one such theory. The Cosmological Argument has been changed and reviewed for years; however, the focus has always stayed the same. The universe is a prime example that there is a God. A simple Cosmological argument states that: Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. The universe exists. Therefore, The universe has a cause of its existence. If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore, God existsRead MoreCosmological Arguments On The Existence Of A God2212 Words   |  9 Pageswhether or not God exists. Now there are various conceptions of God within philosophy, but the most simple and widely accepted definition would likely be a â€Å"metaphysically necessary being.† That will be the definition of God for this paper. Numerous arguments have been put forth for and against the existence of a God, and some can be grouped together according to their type. Examples of these arguments range from teleological arguments to axiological arguments to cosmological arguments (to name a few)Read MoreEssay on The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God996 Words   |  4 Pages The Cosmological Argument attempts to prove that God exists by showing that there cannot be an infinite number of regressions of causes to things that exist. It states that there must be a final uncaused-cause of all things. This uncaused-cause is asserted to be God. Arguments like this are thought up to recognize why we and the universe exist. The Cosmological Argument takes several forms but is basically represented below. Cosmological Argument ThingsRead More The History of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1341 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Cosmological Argument were developed by the world renowned philosophers Plato and Aristotle between the years 400 and 200 BC (Boeree). Medieval philosopher Saint Thomas Aquinas expanded upon their ideas in the late 13th Century when he wrote, â€Å"The Five Ways.† Since then the Cosmological Argument has become one of the most widely accepted and criticized arguments for the existence of God. My objective in this paper is to explain why the Cosmological Argument is a reasonable argument for theRead MoreClarke s Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1648 Words   |  7 Pages Clarke’s Cosmological argument has been around for multiple centuries—the purpose of this argument being to try to prove the existence of God. Although this argument sounds valid—meaning that â€Å"IF premises 1 and 2 are true, then the conclusion must be true† — while many people have accepted this argument, it has also caused a lot of questioning and skepticism, mainly because of what the Cosmological Argument uses to support its argument—the Principle of Sufficient reason. Before determining whetherRead More The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument seeks to prove the existence of God by looking at the universe. It is an A posteriori proof based on experience and the observation of the world not logic so the outcome is probable or possible not definite. The argument is in three forms; motion, causation and being. These are also the first three ways in the five ways presented by Aquinas through which he believed the existence of God couldRead MoreThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument is a well established argument for the existence of God and it is also known as the first cause argument. The cosmological argument is based upon the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of universe and this was God. It has taken many forms and in the past has been presented in many ways. So many philosophers have put their points across, philosophers like; Read MoreThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God A) The cosmological argument is to prove the existence of god. In this type of argument we are looking at cause and not design. This type of argument is an aposteriori argument because it is based upon experience. Thomas Aquinas puts the key ideas into 3 ways. First way is, motion/change. Nothing can move by itself or change itself. The first thing to have moved must have been moved by something else and The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument for the existence of god According to St. John 8:31-32 said, â€Å"If you remain in my word, you will truly be my disciples, and you will know the truth and the truth shall set you free†. This sentence is come from the bible, but I am not a christian, so I do not really understand what this means. I guess it was talking about if people believe in god, and trust his words, and in the end the will get the freedom. For many of christians, they believes in god, but many of the treatises of theologians and Christian philosophers can shed much light on the existence of God, the problem of evil and other objections raised by modern unbelievers. So, what I going to talk about is cosmological argument for the existence†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, some people do not believed in â€Å"god-typed† things. To explain this objection, and how the two forms of cosmological argument evade it, I’ll use a simple, generic statement of th e cosmological argument: (1) Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. (2) The universe exists. Therefore:(3) The universe has a cause of its existence. (4) If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore:(5) God exists. This argument is subject to a simple objection, introduced by asking, â€Å"Does God have a cause of his existence?†If, on the one hand, God is thought to have a cause of his existence, then positing the existence of God in order to explain the existence of the universe doesn’t get us anywhere. Without God there is one entity the existence of which we cannot explain, namely the universe; with God there is one entity the existence of which we cannot explain, namely God. Positing the existence of God, then, raises as many problems as it solves, and so the cosmological argument leaves us in no better position than it found us, with one entity the existence of which we cannot explain. If, on the other hand, God is thought not to have a cause of his existence, i.e. if God is thought to be an uncaused being, then this too raises difficulties for the simple cosmological argument. For if God were an uncaused being then his existence wouldShow MoreRelat edThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the existence of God. If God exists, we probably have to make him accountable. The universe would probably have a meaning and a purpose. Also, our very existence may not be cease after physical death. But if God does not exist, we are probably here by chance and we have no accountability to any transcendent. This life is probably all we have, so we should live as we please. The question arises - Does God exist? At first glance, it seems contradictory to prove the existence of somethingRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1444 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain the existence of God; the Cosmological Argument is one such theory. The Cosmological Argument has been changed and reviewed for years; however, the focus has always stayed the same. The universe is a prime example that there is a God. A simple Cosmological argument states that: Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. The universe exists. Therefore, The universe has a cause of its existence. If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore, God existsRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God1957 Words   |  8 Pagesinsist there is no evidence for the existence of God while maintaining religious faith is fundamentally irrational. This paper will examine the KalÄ m Cosmological Argument (KCA), demonstrating that it offers strong evidence for the existence of God, thereby providing a rational foundation for the Christian faith. Background The cosmological argument is, â€Å"a family of arguments that seek to demonstrate the existence of a Sufficient Reason or First Cause of the existence of the cosmos.† Historians traceRead MoreCosmological Arguments On The Existence Of A God2212 Words   |  9 Pageswhether or not God exists. Now there are various conceptions of God within philosophy, but the most simple and widely accepted definition would likely be a â€Å"metaphysically necessary being.† That will be the definition of God for this paper. Numerous arguments have been put forth for and against the existence of a God, and some can be grouped together according to their type. Examples of these arguments range from teleological arguments to axiological arguments to cosmological arguments (to name a few)Read MoreEssay on The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God996 Words   |  4 Pages The Cosmological Argument attempts to prove that God exists by showing that there cannot be an infinite number of regressions of causes to things that exist. It states that there must be a final uncaused-cause of all things. This uncaused-cause is asserted to be God. Arguments like this are thought up to recognize why we and the universe exist. The Cosmological Argument takes several forms but is basically represented below. Cosmological Argument ThingsRead More The History of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1341 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Cosmological Argument were developed by the world renowned philosophers Plato and Aristotle between the years 400 and 200 BC (Boeree). Medieval philosopher Saint Thomas Aquinas expanded upon their ideas in the late 13th Century when he wrote, â€Å"The Five Ways.† Since then the Cosmological Argument has become one of the most widely accepted and criticized arguments for the existence of God. My objective in this paper is to explain why the Cosmological Argument is a reasonable argument for theRead MoreClarke s Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1648 Words   |  7 Pages Clarke’s Cosmological argument has been around for multiple centuries—the purpose of this argument being to try to prove the existence of God. Although this argument sounds valid—meaning that â€Å"IF premises 1 and 2 are true, then the conclusion must be true† — while many people have accepted this argument, it has also caused a lot of questioning and skepticism, mainly because of what the Cosmological Argument uses to support its argument—the Principle of Sufficient reason. Before determining whetherRead More The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument seeks to prove the existence of God by looking at the universe. It is an A posteriori proof based on experience and the observation of the world not logic so the outcome is probable or possible not definite. The argument is in three forms; motion, causation and being. These are also the first three ways in the five ways presented by Aquinas through which he believed the existence of God couldRead MoreThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument is a well established argument for the existence of God and it is also known as the first cause argument. The cosmological argument is based upon the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of universe and this was God. It has taken many forms and in the past has been presented in many ways. So many philosophers have put their points across, philosophers like; Read MoreThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God A) The cosmological argument is to prove the existence of god. In this type of argument we are looking at cause and not design. This type of argument is an aposteriori argument because it is based upon experience. Thomas Aquinas puts the key ideas into 3 ways. First way is, motion/change. Nothing can move by itself or change itself. The first thing to have moved must have been moved by something else and